CST 311 Week 3 Journal Entry

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 Transport Layer

This week, we learned about the transport layer of a computer network. When a message is sent on the sender's side, it is broken up into segments and passed through the network layer. On the sender's side, a transport header is added to the segments, and the network sends the data to the receiver via sockets. The receiver then reassembles the message using the transport header information and passes it to the appropriate place in the application layer. This is called demultiplexing. Two transport protocols that can be used to send data through the Internet are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). 

In TCP, there is one sender and one receiver. Data can flow in both directions on the same connection. This protocol involves a three-way handshake to start the connection. TCP sockets use four pieces of information to identify a segment: a source IP, a destination IP, a source port number, and a destination port number.  When sending and receiving data, each socket is a dedicated line and identified with these four pieces of information to connect two endpoints. A host will need more than one socket if they wish to receive multiple messages from the same host or different hosts simultaneously. 

In UDP, there is no handshake between sender and receiver, making this socket connectionless. Each segment is handled independently of the others. A segment has header data such as source port, destination port, length, and a checksum. A UPD socket must specify the destination IP address and port number in order to send data into the socket. Both are needed to guide segments to their destination. Segments with the same destination port number may use the same socket to be sent even though they may have different IP addresses. 


The material this week was heavy in the visual sense. I found it interesting how TCP can control congestion and how graphing the time versus the TCP sender congestion window size (cwnd). I enjoyed creating and reading the graphs to identify their slow start, congestion avoidance, and fast recovery. The activities that came along with the book were helpful in understanding how to identify these intervals. 


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